Human Bocavirus: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Clinical Implications

Human Bocavirus (HBoV), a member of the Parvoviridae family, has emerged as a notable viral agent implicated in respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, primarily affecting pediatric populations. Since its discovery in 2005, four genotypes (HBoV1 to HBoV4) have been identified, with HBoV1 predominantly associated with upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses, whereas HBoV2–4 are more frequently detected in fecal specimens and linked to gastrointestinal symptoms. The high rate of coinfection with other respiratory or enteric viruses has challenged the understanding of its direct pathogenic role. Current diagnostic approaches rely heavily on real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which offers high sensitivity and specificity, though serological assays and antigen detection methods are increasingly being explored. Therapeutic interventions remain limited to supportive care, and no antiviral agents or vaccines have been approved to date. This review consolidates current knowledge on the molecular characteristics, transmission dynamics, host immune responses, clinical relevance, diagnostic modalities, and potential therapeutic targets related to human bocavirus infection.